Financial data processing system

ABSTRACT

To process financial articles of trade, real time data is collected from a plurality of liquidity destinations in trading at least one of securities, commodities, options, futures and derivatives, the real time data including information on submitted transactions of financial articles of trade. The real time data collected from the plurality of liquidity destinations is aggregated. The real time data is streamed in a standardized form. User criteria are established to identify relevant portions of the streamed real time data. The streamed real time data is analyzed according to the user criteria. The analyzed real time data is consolidated into a computer data base.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 60/510,766, entitled “RiskXposure™Capabilities in MultiXchange™ Securities Trading Platform,” filed onOct. 14, 2003, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety; claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/536,559, entitled “Network Montage™,” filed on Jan.15, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety;claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/581,931, entitled “Intraday Insight,” filed on Jun.22, 2004, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety; andis a continuation of and claims priority to and the benefit of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/954,527, entitled “Financial DataProcessing System,” filed on Sep. 30, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,778,915,which claims priority to and the benefit of all the above listedprovisional patent applications, and which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL OVERVIEW

The technology relates to a system for consolidating and analyzingintraday issues related to securities transactions that have beensubmitted to liquidity destinations, and more specifically to a systemfor consolidating and analyzing intraday issues involving at least oneof disparate systems, multiple parties and multiple liquiditydestinations.

BACKGROUND

Various systems exist which assist in the formulation and submission ofsecurities trading transactions to liquidity destinations, otherwiseknown as Pre-Trade Systems, collect and process information related toconsummated transactions after the close of the securities market eachday, otherwise known as Post Market Systems, and enable risk andportfolio risk modeling and analysis after the close of the securitiesmarket each day, otherwise known as Post Market Analysis Systems. Anoverview of the trading market is illustrated in FIG. 4. In addition,systems exist that support intraday risk analysis and modeling but onlyfor those transactions processed through, or integrated with, suchsystems, otherwise known as Intraday Closed Systems.

The popularity of disparate trading systems, Delivery versus Payment(DVP) or Receipt versus Payment (RVP) transactions and multiple primebrokerage relationships creates a situation where intraday risk exposurefrom large volume, large dollar U.S. equity transactions is not properlymanaged by existing Pre-Trade Systems, Intraday Closed Systems, PostMarket Systems or Post Market Analysis Systems. These systems fail toaddress the significant losses that can result from delayed response tointraday risk exposure.

The effectiveness of pre-trade risk management in existing tradingsystems has been severely limited by the growing use of multiple tradingsystems by institutional investors to access common pools of capital toaffect sophisticated investment strategies. These disparate systems havebeen limited to managing risks associated with internal transactionflow. Therefore, a consolidated view of risk could only be possible atday's end, after close of the market and then only on a retrospectivebasis when information from disparate systems could be collected andanalyzed.

Institutional clients often use brokers to execute transactionsinvolving United States equities that are physically held and cleared byanother broker or custodial bank, via Delivery versus Payment (DVP) orReceipt versus Payment (RVP) transactions. Risk management systems usedby executing brokers are generally unable to manage risks associatedwith these transactions, because they are not integrated with the riskmanagement systems of other potentially involved executing brokersand/or with one or more risk management systems of one or more relevantcustodians. As a result, risks associated with such transactions mayonly be evident after close of the trading day.

Hedge funds and other institutional investors increasingly participatein “away” trades. This means that the trade was done by an executingbroker other than the client's clearing firm or prime broker on anagency basis (e.g. securities were bought and sold directly into or outof the clients account) or on a riskless principle basis (the executingbroker executes the trade after receiving an order from the investor andthen allocates the trade to the investor's account with amarkup/markdown or commission). In both situations, the trade is doneusing an identifier (generally known in the industry as a “Neumonic” or“MPID”) that is different than the investor's identifier but issubsequently allocated to that investor through the Depository TrustCompany (DTC) for clearing at the investor's clearing firm. In addition,hedge funds and other institutional investors enter into multipleclearing arrangements with clearing firms or prime brokers. In thissituation, the investor may have funds on deposit at each firm, and eachfirm actually clears his transactions, or he may have a DVP/RVPrelationship with one or more of the firms where the trades aretransferred (generally referred to in the industry as “given up”) to thefirm that will actually do the clearing of the transaction. In all ofthe above situations, risks associated with transactions may only beevident after close of the trading day.

SUMMARY

In one non-limiting example embodiment, a method of processing financialarticles of trade is provided. The method includes collecting real timedata from a plurality of liquidity destinations in trading at least oneof securities, commodities, options, futures and derivatives, the realtime data including information on transactions of financial articles oftrade after they have been submitted to the liquidity destinations. Thereal time data collected from the plurality of liquidity destinations isaggregated. The real time data is converted and streamed in astandardized form. User criteria are established to identify relevantportions of the streamed real time data. The user criteria areconsolidated into a computer data base. The standardized real time datais then compared against the user criteria to determine what if any userdefined criteria is impacted by the real time data.

In another non-limiting example embodiment, a financial article of tradedata processing system is provided. The system includes a datacommunication element arranged to connect to and collect real time datafrom a plurality of liquidity destinations for trading at least one ofsecurities, commodities, options, futures and derivatives. The real timedata includes information on completed transactions of financialarticles of trade. A computer communicates with the data communicationelement and is programmed to aggregate the real time data collected fromthe plurality of liquidity destinations and stream the real time data ina standardized form. A user parameter element is established forcomparison to the real time data. The computer is programmed to comparethe real time data against the user criteria to determine if any userdefined criteria is impacted by the real time data.

These and other features will become more fully apparent from thefollowing description and appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

To further clarify the above and other advantages and features, a moreparticular description of the invention will be rendered by reference tonon-limiting example embodiments, some of which are illustrated in theappended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict onlyexample embodiments and are therefore not to be considered limiting.

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a system in accordance with anon-limiting example embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of interrelating components of a system inaccordance with a non-limiting example embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an example of a system; and

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustrating an overview of the securities tradingmarket.

DESCRIPTION OF NON-LIMITING EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

The subject of this application is a financial article of trade dataprocessing system 10 including various functions, which may beimplemented to perform consolidation and analysis of intraday issuesrelated to submitted securities, commodities, options, futurestransactions, where securities, commodities, options, and futures areexamples of financial articles of trade. The system 10 adapts thesubmitted securities, commodities, options, futures, or other financialarticles of trade transaction to involve at least one of disparatesystems, multiple parties and multiple liquidity destinations. Referenceto securities or security transactions within this disclosure should beinterpreted as transactions involving securities, commodities, option orfutures. The term “other financial articles of trade” transaction refersto any other article traded at the liquidity destinations other thansecurities, commodities, options, and futures. It should be appreciatedthat different configurations can be used to consolidate and analyze thedata to achieve a given result. Although particular combinations aredisclosed, variations on those combinations can be used to achieve thesame consolidation and analysis in the financial article of trade dataprocessing system 10.

The technology described in this application enables users to takeaction promptly on an intraday basis to mitigate the impact of changesin intraday market conditions that can otherwise exacerbate losses andalso enables real-time intraday comparison of trading statistics. Thislong felt, unmet need in the securities industry has existed since themid-1990's since Alternate Trading Systems were authorized and thenumber of direct access trading platforms proliferated; however, untilnow, no solution existed to address this pressing industry need.

As illustrated in FIG. 1, the system 10 enables parties involved in thepurchase and/or sale of securities, commodities and other financialarticles to monitor intraday issues related to submitted securitiestransactions regardless of which securities trading system(s) were usedby such party or such party's clients to affect such transactions,regardless of which liquidity destination or destinations was/were usedto effect such transactions (e.g., the NYSE, NASDAQ or AlternativeTrading Systems such as ECNs), and regardless of which third partiesultimately became involved in effecting such transactions (e.g., theinitiating client, intermediary broker dealer(s), clearing firms, etc.).A computer 20 consolidates and collects transaction information directlyfrom each liquidity destination 30 as transactions are submitted overthe course of the day at such destinations 30. By collecting informationdirectly from the liquidity destinations 30 as the transactions aresubmitted, there is no need to integrate with any of the systems used toaffect transactions with the liquidity destinations 30. In accordancewith various embodiments, the components described in the system 10 canbe integrated into a single unit, connected to a network or distributedacross various networks and/or devices.

An aggregation component 22 collects and aggregates information or data50 from the liquidity destinations 30 following submission of the datato the liquidity destinations. Collecting data 50 directly fromliquidity destinations 30 following submission of transactions, asopposed to relying on data provided directly by clients and/or byclients' systems, ensures the integrity and objectivity of such data 50.This data collection improves compliance with regulatory requirementsthat require oversight of clients' securities trading activities. Inaddition, collecting data 50 directly from liquidity destinations 30following submission of transactions avoids (i) delays in processing thetransactions, (ii) gaps in coverage caused by the use of more than onesystem to affect the transactions with liquidity destinations, (iii)gaps in coverage caused by the use of more than one liquiditydestination, and (iv) gaps in coverage caused by the involvement ofmultiple parties with regard to different aspects of the transactions.

At the same time, transaction specific data is collected from theliquidity destinations 30, relevant market information can also becollected from other sources. For example, the cost if the transactionhad been consummated at a different liquidity destination at the sametime, the average cost of the transaction at the time in question acrossall liquidity destinations, etc. The relevant market information canprovide a “snap-shot” of relevant intraday market conditions so as toenable clients to assess the efficiency of their transactions and makeadjustments in real-time during the course of the day.

Similarly, as transaction specific data is collected from liquiditydestinations 30, other user criteria 60, such as parameters of relevantaccount information is collected in a data base 40 so as to enable areal-time comparison of intraday activity versus historical activity.The computer 20 can convert the data 50 collected directly from thedisparate liquidity destinations 30 into a common, normalized format andstore the normalized transaction information in the data base 40.

For example, the system 10 collects and aggregates information fromnumerous networks involved in or related to a user criteria 60, such asa transaction. The information collected from internal networks andexternal third party managed networks provides a more realisticperspective on the overall activity related to the specified situation.

Various aggregation tools can be used to interact with different networktechnologies and topologies to aggregate desired information with theaggregation component 22. In some cases, this tool must be able to learnthe particular private messaging infrastructure to monitor and recordappropriate activity. In other cases, the system 10 will need to knowhow to interact with other systems to make requests on a timed or eventdriven basis. This interaction could involve message-based inquiries,direct access to databases or other transaction-based requests. Whenrelevant information related to a given situation, such as atransaction, is found on one or more monitored networks, the aggregationcomponent 22 collects the relevant information and, if necessary,packages, or translates it into an appropriate normalized format andsubmits it to the analysis component 24. For example, in connection withthe example discussed herein for the securities industry, the widelyknown FIX standard could be used to package or translate the relevantinformation.

Data 50 is collected by the aggregation component 22 via interactionwith relevant networks within the defined timeframes for such networksand with the permission of the managers or controllers of such networks.This data 50 may come from disparate networks in real-time, near realtime and/or in batch mode. For example, in real time, the informationcould be collected from disparate networks via “drop copies.” In nearreal time, the data 50 is collected within some short period of time. Abatch mode can be set to an increment of time based on each network'sbusiness processes. The collected data 50 can include information fromnetworks that reflect summarized and/or real-time data that relates to,but may not be directly impacted by, the particular situation ortransaction being tracked. For example, in connection with the examplediscussed herein for the securities industry, securities market pricesmay be relevant to assessing the impact of a particular situation ortransaction although the particular situation or transaction may not, inand of itself, impact securities market prices.

The data base 40 can also store user criteria 60, such as clientspecified information or monitoring requests, which have been “mapped”into a specified format. The format can translate unique clientinformation or requirements, into a common structure to facilitatemonitoring of incoming normalized transaction information on behalf ofmultiple clients at the same time without losing the unique clientinformation or requirements of each client. Access controls are used toensure that only authorized users are allowed to see transaction data.

The computer 20 compares the user criteria 60 against normalizedinformation as such information is received from liquidity destinations30. If and when matches occur in the information, the computer 20 caninform clients promptly during the day or intraday. The clients can beinformed by way of one or more client initiated viewing sessionsaccessible via the Internet or via proactive alerts sent to clients bymethods such as e-mail, on screen pop-up messages, instant messages, orother sensory alerts.

The analysis component 24 processes inbound information from theaggregation component 22 and compares it against user criteria 60, suchas parameters or rules that are identified by users with regard tocertain risks, trends, outages, uses, or other desired limits. Theanalysis component 24 can also leverage the capabilities of externalanalysis systems which may be commercially available to addressparticular risk, trend, outage, use scenarios, or other determiningevents. For example, in connection with the example discussed herein forthe securities industry, an external analysis system could include athird party risk system for a particular class of securities or group ofclients, or other class. These parameters or rules and external analysissystems can be managed via a hierarchy to set overall criteria for agroup of users, specialized criteria for individual users at any levelwithin a defined hierarchy, or other criteria. These parameters or rulesand external analysis systems can be used to adjust one or morecomposite ratings that will be used in other processing, or may simplyaccumulate a value or values for the impacted users and the hierarchywithin which they exist.

FIG. 2, shows an awareness computer-based component 26 to provide alertsto the users of the invention. The computer 20 can limit users inviewing, and alerting users with regard to, information with respect totransactions that such users are directly involved in or with respect towhich they have been granted rights by those directly involved in suchtransactions. In addition, the detailed level of the normalizedinformation collected and stored in the data base 40 enables clients toperform data mining analysis with regard to such information on ahistorical basis.

For example, the awareness component 26 provides an interface to thesystem 10 by way of a dedicated computer terminal, password protectedWeb site, voice-prompted telephone interface, computer interface orother known methods of interaction between systems. The awarenesscomponent 26 enables users to define, identify and/or be made aware ofsituations, such as transactions that are relevant to the user. Thesystem 10 allows users to define parameters, such as rules, that specifywhat, if any, action is warranted in response to different scenarios.

Once the analysis component 24 determines that information warrants aresponsive action, for example, the information equals, exceeds or fallsbelow parameters or rules identified by a user, a message is sent to anaction component 28 which responds in accordance with user definedrequests for notification alerts and/or action responses.

Notification alerts can be sent via e-mail, facsimile transmission, textmessage, voice, third-party message format/protocol or other messagingmeans to notify one or more user designated recipients, i.e., a humanand/or machine, of a particular event. Notification alerts can requireconfirmation from recipients, if confirmation is not received within adefined timeframe. Also, follow-up notification alerts can be sent inaccordance with user defined alert hierarchies until an acknowledgementis received from a designated recipient or recipients. NotificationAlerts can be assigned priority to determine if they should be sent outinstantaneously or after a specified amount of time, such as once anhour, a business driven window, such as once a day, or accumulate acertain number of messages before being released, or according to someother user criteria.

The action component 28 can also be programmed to create actionresponses in an attempt to mitigate or maximize, as appropriate, theimpact of identified situations, such as transactions in differentscenarios. In this regard, the most effective network(s) in which toaffect an action response may be a network or networks other than theone in which the initial event occurred and/or may well be a network ornetworks not under the management or control of the entity thatinitiated the original situation or transaction. For example, inconnection with the example discussed herein for the securitiesindustry, an action response could be used to create a contrary oroffsetting position in the options market to minimize the riskassociated with a securities account which has exceeded permissibleparameters for the acquisition of equity securities. It is also possiblefor the action response to create a transaction on a network that is notbeing monitored. The network(s) in question may not allow for thesharing of its actual activity, but it may represent the best place forthe action response to occur.

One example of the awareness component 26 can be a risk managementsystem that utilizes certain capabilities of a securities tradingplatform to provide users with real time stand alone risk managementcapabilities to address their securities trading activities as well asthe securities trading activities of their clients. Many securitiesfirms currently manage their risk and their clients' risk on anend-of-day basis. This occurs when firms' securities trading systems donot incorporate an adequate real-time risk management system or whentheir clients use their own securities trading systems to execute tradesand report trade executions at the end of the day. This approach meansthat for these firms their intraday exposure to trades could exceed riskprofiles established by contractual, statutory and/or regulatoryguidelines. These risks could result in (i) the inability of the firmsto meet capital adequacy requirements, (ii) the firms having to takecontractual actions to protect themselves that could be detrimental totheir clients or (iii) the firms having to take client exposures ontotheir own books to address the risk.

For example, if one of a clearing firm's correspondent clients were toexecute a series of large short trades (exceeding their buying power) ina hard to borrow security (possibly not knowing it had been added to theclearing firm's hard to borrow list) and that security's pricesubsequently rose significantly during the day on some unexpected goodnews reports, the clearing firm would be exposed not only to significantlosses from the transactions themselves but also to regulatory actionfor inadequate risk management procedures. With a risk management systeminvention in accordance with the technology described in thisapplication, the clearing firm would be notified immediately as thetrades were executed and could manage their clients' trading activitiesappropriately. The risk management system allows users to manage credit,market and operational risk for themselves and for their clients. Theoperational efficiencies that the risk management system delivers tousers and enables the users to take on a much larger client base whilereducing their overall risk resulting in increased revenues and greaterreturn on investment.

The risk management system is also designed to monitor and manage riskin several categories. These categories include buying power/thresholdrestrictions, restricted and hard to borrow securities risk management,short sell restriction risk management, single order quantity limitmanagement, single order value risk management, realized and unrealizedprofit and loss. The risk management system can be loaded with clients'overnight buying power and stock positions. During the day, the computersystem will receive copies of all client execution messages in real-timeeither directly from liquidity destinations or from manual entries byauthorized users with regard to transactions that may not be receivedelectronically during the trading day. As it receives these messages itwill perform risk calculations and generate appropriate alerts on atrading supervisor terminal. The risk management system can implementthe full client hierarchies supported by the computer system and,optionally, can generate all necessary end of day trade reporting filesfor integration into the clearing firm or the client's back officesystems.

During the setup of the computer system, an account hierarchy with riskparameters is created in the risk management system based on how theclient wants to model and manage risk. This is done using a terminalthat is connected via the Internet. At the start of each trading day,overnight buying power and stock positions may be fed into the riskmanagement system using an automated start of day process or enteredmanually. During the trading day, each liquidity provider sends a copyof each execution message (i.e., a “drop copy”) to the risk managementsystem 10. These execution messages are processed by a risk managementengine. Any trade that causes a risk management event will generate analert to a trading supervisor and any other users defined in the systemas authorized to receive such notifications and will also be written toa risk management log. The trading supervisor and other authorized userscan then deal with the risk event in the most appropriate manner. At theend of each trading day, the risk management system can produceaggregated trade files for the users, if desired. In many situations,this will help to further optimize operations and will represent a valueadd service that the users can sell to their clients.

A non-limiting example is now described. A Hedge Fund buys or sellsvarious securities asset classes such as equities and equity derivatives(e.g., futures and options) in various markets such as Exchanges,Electronic Communication Networks (ECNs) and Alternative Trading Systems(ATSs). A broker is an authorized member of the market that places andhelps the Hedge Fund access the various market places.

In the example, the Hedge Fund sends an order to the broker. The brokerin turn sends it to the Exchange. The order is executed at the Exchangeand the execution is sent to the broker. The broker sends the executionback to Hedge Fund. Since the transaction is flowing through thebroker's system, the broker knows about the transaction and is in aposition to perform real time pre-trade and post-trade risk analysis onthe transaction.

In another example, the Hedge Fund sends an order directly to theExchange using the broker's name. The order is executed at the Exchangeand the execution is sent to the Hedge Fund. The broker doesn't knowabout the execution because the Hedge Fund is not using the broker'sinfrastructure to send orders to the Exchange. But as far as theExchange is concerned, it is the broker who has done the transaction andtherefore the broker is liable for the trade.

The broker has to monitor the Hedge Fund's activities to comply withbusiness and regulatory trading rules. The broker requests a copy of theexecution from the Exchange. Every time an order from the Hedge Fund isexecuted at the Exchange, the execution is sent back to the Hedge Fundand a copy of the execution is sent to the broker.

In reality the Hedge Fund could use many standalone electronic tradingsystems to affect trades. In another example, the Hedge Fund is using aproprietary system to trade on an Electronic Communication Network (ECN)as well as an Alternative Trading System (ATS) and is using broker'ssystem to trade on the Exchange. The Hedge Fund and broker need to knowabout all the trading activities on a real time basis in order to moreeffectively manage their risk.

Once a trade is done, the trade has to settle—this means that exchangeof money and stock has to take place. The Exchange reports the trade tothe Clearing Corporation, and the Correspondent Broker, because it isnot licensed to do clearing, reports the trade to its Clearing Broker.

The Clearing Corporation processes the execution and sends the detailsto the Clearing Broker the next day. It is the Clearing Broker'sresponsibility to confirm the trades with the Correspondent Broker. Oncethe trade is confirmed, the Clearing Broker exchanges stock and moneywith the Clearing Corporation. The Clearing Broker then transfers thestock and money to Correspondent Broker's account.

The Clearing Broker is an authorized member of the Clearing Corporationand has to abide by the rules laid down by the Clearing Corporation. TheClearing Corporation takes a deposit from the Clearing Broker. TheClearing Corporation then establishes the trading profile for theClearing Broker based on contractual, statutory and/or regulatoryguidelines. The Clearing Broker could decline to clear a trade if theCorrespondent Broker violates any of the trading rules. The ClearingBroker faces a risk in case the Correspondent Broker defaults.

The Correspondent Broker may report some trades on real time basis andsome at end of day to the Clearing Broker. In another example, theClearing Broker requests a drop copy of trade from the Exchange tomonitor the Correspondent Broker's trading activity.

Typically, a Clearing Broker clears for Correspondent Broker. Potentialproblems can arise in the following scenario. Hedge Fund 1 and HedgeFund 2 are Correspondent Broker's customers. Hedge Fund 1 directlyaccesses the market through its own proprietary system. Hedge Fund 2uses Correspondent Broker's securities trading platform as well as itsown proprietary system.

The Hedge Fund needs to monitor its traders' activities. Since tradersare using multiple disparate systems, the Hedge Fund doesn't have areal-time centralized view. Although no one trader may be violating thetrading parameters or rules, the combined activities of all the traderscould lead to a violation of the trading parameters or rules. Since themarket price changes dynamically, a possible close out of position couldlead to monetary loss. Hence timely information of the violation isrequired.

Additionally, the Correspondent Broker has to comply with the rulesestablished by the Clearing Broker. The rules relate to but are notlimited to buying power, margins, hard-to-borrow symbols, short selling,and restricted securities. The Correspondent Broker has to monitor itsclients trading activity. Hedge Fund 2 may short sell a hard-to-borrowsecurity from its own proprietary system. The Clearing Broker maydecline to settle the trade and the Correspondent Broker could beliable.

Further, the Clearing Broker has the responsibility to monitor theCorrespondent Broker's activity. The Clearing Broker has to arrange forcapital and stocks to be transferred to settle trades of theCorrespondent Broker. For example, if a Hedge Fund short sellshard-to-borrow securities near the close of the market through the HedgeFund's proprietary system and the market price rises after the close dueto unexpected good news the Clearing Broker is at risk. Therefore, theClearing Broker must set conservative limits for its CorrespondentBrokers because of inadequate risk management capabilities. This limitsthe Clearing Broker's business volumes.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example to manage operational risk for a ClearingBroker. The system 10 connects to various destinations (ECN, ATS andExchanges) to receive drop copies of executions on a real time basis.

The system 10 interfaces with the various liquidity destinations 30,such as market places, to collect real time electronic copies (“dropcopies”) of executions and notifies the users in real time of thetransactions. The transactions are collected by the aggregationcomponent 22 and then transferred to the analysis component 24 toevaluate the transactions against user criteria 60, such as a broad setof user defined rules, internal account balances and external riskmanagement systems to determine what, if any, actions need to be taken.The action component 28 can queue a notice alert to a user or anothersystem to make sure that the user is aware of the current state of themonitored transactions. The system 10 can also create an action responseto offset the impacts of the transaction that the system 10 evaluates.The offsetting transactions can occur on the monitoring networks or onnetworks that are currently not being monitored by the system 10. Basedon the user criteria 60, the system can require automatic execution ofan offsetting transaction, or manual approval before execution.

Other non-limiting examples of potential applications are now describedwith respect to the U.S. financial securities market. The ClearingBroker can upload the following data into the system at the start of theday: a) cash position for each account; b) stock position for eachaccount; c) account details; d) hard to borrow (HTB) symbols andquantity limit; e) restricted symbols; and f) buying power. The ClearingBroker can define the following risk parameters: a) buying power; b)single order quantity limit; c) single order value limit; d) whethershort selling is allowed; and e) stocks in which trading is not allowed;f) quantity limit in hard to borrow stocks. The aforementioned areexamples of inputs to a rules engine within the system that can besubmitted electronically or manually thru a terminal connected via theInternet; other parameters could be input as well.

The system 10 can assign account hierarchy to each trade based onaccount parameters or rules. If the account cannot be identified, thenthe trade is assigned to a ‘suspense’ account. The user can have theability to assign trades in suspense account to various accounts. Thesystem 10 can update each position based on the account.

The system 10 can check for the following risk parameters and raise analert if any of the defined parameters or rules are violated: a) shortsell trade in ‘hard-to-borrow’ securities. (The user may assignallowable short sell quantities in hard to borrow securities for eachaccount.); b) trade in ‘restricted’ securities; c) trade quantity isgreater than permitted ‘single order’ quantity limits; d) trade value isgreater than permitted ‘single order’ value limits; e) a short selltrade by a user restricted from short sells; f) the exposure exceedspermitted buying power limits; and g) selling stock without inventory.The system 10 can check for trading patterns that could have significantmarket risk, such as portfolio concentration, heavy exposure in illiquidsymbols, trading in low priced security, traded volume as percentage ofmarket volume, and trading in highly volatile securities and can alsoreflect real time realized and unrealized profit and loss.

The user can request notice alerts by way of computer screen popupand/or sound prompts, e-mail message, Instant Messenger, voicemail,pager or facsimile transmission.

The system could also generate an action response in the form of acontra trade to close out a position if a client violates tradingparameters or rules. For example, suppose Hedge Fund 1 short sells ahard-to-borrow security at the ECN. The system 10 receives a drop copyof the transaction and checks the transaction against hard-to-borrowsecurities and finds that a rule has been violated. The action component28 immediately sends a notice alert to Hedge Fund 1, CorrespondentBroker and Clearing Broker. Clearing Broker sees the violation anddecides to reverse the transaction (close the position). The ClearingBroker could attempt to minimize the impact of the transaction by buyingin the futures market or buying call options in the options market orbuying the stock in Europe.

The system 10 can be arranged to collect data from the liquiditydestinations 30 as described in the various embodiments above, then thedata can be output to other system(s) and network(s). This way, thesystem can collect the data from use with other risk management analysisprograms to meet specific needs and requirements and strategies of othercompanies. For example, the data collected from the system 10 can beaugmented with the information and capabilities of the technologies ofother risk management companies.

The technology described in this application may be embodied in otherspecific forms without departing from its spirit or essentialcharacteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in allrespects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of theinvention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than bythe foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning andrange of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within theirscope.

1. A method of processing financial articles of trade, comprising:collecting real time data from a plurality of liquidity destinationstrading at least one financial article of trade, said real time dataincluding information on submitted and completed transactions offinancial articles of trade, wherein said real time data comprisesdisparate data of varying formats corresponding to associated liquiditydestinations; and from said real time data, identifying, using acomputer, a transaction which an entity is financially liable as one ofa chain of parties involved in affecting said identified transaction,wherein said entity was previously unaware of its submission to one ofsaid plurality of liquidity destinations because another party in saidchain of parties submitted said identified transaction to one of saidplurality of liquidity destinations.
 2. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: identifying using said computer relevant portions of saidreal time data comprising one or more transactions for which said entityis financially liable and including said identified transaction;comparing, using an analysis component of said computer, said relevantportions of said real time data against user defined criteria; andidentifying a situation when said relevant portions of said real timedata matches said user defined criteria for purposes of performing riskmanagement for said entity.
 3. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: aggregating said real time data collected from saidplurality of liquidity destinations; and normalizing said real time datathat is collected and aggregated into a standardized form.
 4. A systemfor processing financial articles of trade, comprising: a collectorconfigured to couple to and collect real time data directly from aplurality of liquidity destinations, said liquidity destinations fortrading at least one of securities, commodities, options, futures andderivatives, said real time data including information on submitted andcompleted transactions of financial articles of trade, wherein said realtime data comprises disparate data of varying formats corresponding toassociated liquidity destinations; a computer comprising an analysiscomponent coupled to said collector and configured to identify atransaction from said real time data which an entity is financiallyliable as one of a chain of parties involved in affecting saididentified transaction, wherein said entity was previously unaware ofits submission to one of said plurality of liquidity destinationsbecause another party in said chain of parties submitted said identifiedtransaction to one of said plurality of liquidity destinations.
 5. Thesystem of claim 4, wherein said analysis component is configured toidentify relevant portions of said real time data comprising one or moretransactions for which said entity is financially liable and includingsaid identified transaction, to compare said relevant portions of saidreal time data against user defined criteria, and to identify asituation when said relevant portions of said real time data matchessaid user defined criteria for purposes of performing risk managementfor said entity.
 6. The system of claim 4, further comprising: anaggregation component coupled to said collector and said analysiscomponent programmed to aggregate said real time data collected fromsaid plurality of liquidity destinations, normalize said real time datathat is collected and aggregated into a standardized form, and streamsaid real time data in the standardized form for further processing bysaid analysis component.
 7. A method of processing financial articles oftrade, comprising: collecting real time data from a plurality ofliquidity destinations trading at least one financial article of trade,said real time data including information on submitted and completedtransactions of financial articles of trade, wherein said real time datacomprises disparate data of varying formats corresponding to associatedliquidity destinations; from said real time data, identifying, using acomputer, a transaction which an entity is financially liable as one ofa chain of parties involved in affecting said identified transaction,wherein said entity was previously unaware of its submission to one ofsaid plurality of liquidity destinations because another party in saidchain of parties submitted said identified transaction to one of saidplurality of liquidity destinations; establishing user defined criteriato define a situation; setting a position for said entity at a start ofa trading period by considering overnight buying power and stockpositions; updating said position of said entity based on saididentified transaction; and performing by said computer a riskcalculation to determine if said position violates a risk parameterdefining said situation.
 8. The method of claim 7, further comprising:identifying, using said computer, relevant portions of said real timedata comprising one or more transactions for which said entity isfinancially liable and including said identified transaction; comparing,using an analysis component of said computer, said relevant portions ofsaid real time data against said user defined criteria; and identifyingsaid situation when said relevant portions of said real time datamatches said user defined criteria for purposes of performing riskmanagement for said entity.